Woman's head. Innokenty Zhukov

Woman's head. Innokenty Zhukov
Yalta. Ceramics. 4.8 x 5.5 cm. 1934 95 grams. 

Innokenty Zhukov (1875-1948) — the famous self-taught sculptor, teacher-innovator, writer, a prominent figure of the scout movement in Russia and one of the founders of the pioneer movement in the USSR.I. N. Zhukov was born on 5/17 October, 1875 in the village of Gornyy Zerentuy (Transbaikalia, Nerchinsk district of the plant). He was the fifth child (out of eight) in the family of a titular Counsellor, Manager Mining Tarentaise mine Nikolai Mikhailovich Zhukov and Agripina (Agrafena) evny Savinsky. At the age of 12 he was sent to Chita, where he lived and studied in high school and acquired the nickname Kesha. During his studies, he was fond of literature, wrote poetry, which determined the choice of higher education in the future. Here he became seriously interested in drawing, modeling of clay and wood carving figures of birds, animals and people. In 1895, I. N. he entered the faculty of history and Philology of St. Petersburg University. During his studies, he married his compatriot Alexandra Ivanovna Ryndina, with whom he had four children in 1900-1908. Due to political repressions diploma University I. N. received with some delay, in 1902 Immediately upon receiving his diploma he started teaching geography at the commercial College gymnasium Stolbova. Since then, teaching geography became his profession for life until his retirement at the end of 1931 In 1917-21. I. N. he taught at the gymnasium Chita and served as an instructor of The unified school in the Ministry of Industry of the far Eastern Republic. The last place of work I. N. there was a school № 41 of the Bauman RONO in Moscow, where he taught geography in senior groups since 1925. 

As a teacher and a favorite of students I. N. he became famous for his numerous innovations and active participation in the children's movement — first scouts, and then pioneers. The word "pioneer" for the participants of the children's movement of the Soviet period was proposed by I. N. In this field I. N. he was known as the Senior friend of scouts of Russia, the Secretary of the Russian scout society and as the owner of the unique honorary title of the Senior pioneer of RSFSR. In an effort to educate their wards a sense of internationalism In. he taught himself and promoted among students the auxiliary language of international communication Esperanto. The language it was mentioned in books for children. Some of his works were published in translation into Esperanto, sometimes — with a parallel text in Russian.[1][2]

However, I. N. never left and his favorite pastime modeling. Although he did not have the opportunity to get a complete education in this field, he took lessons in modeling and drawing in snatches at the Academy of arts in St. Petersburg and then in Paris (at the Academy of Emile Antoine Bourdelle), where he went in 1912 on a scholarship procured by friends and admirers of his talent. The 1st world war interrupted these lessons, but I. N. he continued self-improvement in his free time from pedagogy and achieved considerable success and fame in his country and Europe. Especially this contributed to his participation in the so-called. Autumn exhibitions in St. Petersburg (in the gallery of P. Auer) and the mass release of art photo postcards depicting his sculptural works.

Fame I. N. reflected in articles about him in several encyclopedias. The study of his work is devoted to a large article by a prominent Esperantist N. V. Nekrasov. There are chapters on I. N. in a number of dissertations on pedagogy, but deep professional art research sculptural works I. N. not yet produced. There is also no scientific research, generalizing the rich artistic and pedagogical heritage of I. N. Zhukov.

I. N. Zhukov was accepted as a member of the MOSH, and in 1945 was awarded the medal "For valiant labor in the great Patriotic war." He died in Moscow on 5 Nov 1948, buried in plot 23 Vvedensky cemetery.

In 1910 he took part in the autumn exhibition in St. Petersburg passage.

From 1912 to 1914 Zhukov studied in Paris, in the Studio of sculptor Emil Bourdelle, a student of Auguste Rodin. Most likely, it was during a trip to Paris beetles for the first time will get acquainted with pioneering Seton-Thompson (Although in scouting according to Baden-Powell, pioneering is the construction of bridges made of boards, poles and scrap materials, in the Russian army soldiers of the engineering parts were called pioneers, but in the United States and Canada a pioneer is not only the bomber and the Builder, but the first in this new land, the pioneer, ideally a knight that builds bridges with nature, with other cultures and generations, see the novel by American satirist Fenimore Cooper "Pioneers, and the concept of pioneer Seton-Thompson accentuated this moment, rather than operational military intelligence, as Baden-Powell) and with the scout movement. Upon his return to St. Petersburg in 1914, Zhukov again begins to teach, and continues to create sculptures and is actively involved in the creation of scout organizations in Russia: editing the magazine "Petrograd scout", processes the book of the founder of the world scout movement R. Baden-Powell "Young scout. Guide to scouting."

Summer 1914-1915 gg. I. N. Zhukov lived near St. Petersburg, led a squad of scouts. In 1916 Zhukov published the book "Russian scouting" and became the Secretary of the St. Petersburg branch of the all-Russian society "Russian scout". Brief information about the Russian organization of young scouts". I. N. Zhukov calls "the squad scouts", "pioneer link" and long before the emergence of "pioneer" he, following Seton-Thompson, wrote, that scout - not military scout, and "pioneer culture." According to Zhukov scout - "altruist" and even "knight who is looking for someone to help."

In 1918, Zhukov in Chita offers to organize a trip on the TRANS-Baikal region. Having gathered about a thousand children from 10 to 14 years, he announces the creation of the "expeditionary corps". His task was to prepare and conduct a "great journey through the TRANS-Baikal region." With the approach of Semenov's detachments to Chita Zhukov dismissed the children's "expeditionary force".

Later. At the 33rd meeting of the scientific and pedagogical section of the Main scientific Council of the people's Commissariat in Moscow I. N. Zhukov will make a report "On boy scouting." In 1921, Zhukov wrote an open letter to an older friend of scouts, to all scouts fighting for a new pedagogy and new methods of out-of-school education of children of the RSFSR.

In 1922, the beetles involved in working with children at the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the people's Commissariat for education in Moscow and is at the origin of the pioneer movement. Working as a geography teacher, in 1922 Zhukov participated in the creation of a pioneer group, on the basis of two scouting groups consisting of students of the experimental school at the State Institute of physical culture, in the Bauman district of Moscow. He introduces the name "pioneers" for the participants of the new children's organization, the motto "Be ready!"and the answer "is Always ready!", and also, a fire on a pioneer badge and a pioneer tie – a triangular flap of scarlet matter. On March 23, 1923, Innokenty Zhukov became a member of the young pioneers ' Quarters (CB YUP) and was awarded the title of "Senior pioneer of the Republic".

In the middle of 1924, in the context of the politicization of the work of the pioneer organization, he moved away from practical cooperation with the children's movement. After I. N. Zhukov ceases to be the "senior pioneer of the Russian Federation", he continues to engage in sculpture and writing books for children, promoting the moral principles of the pioneers and in a figurative form revealed the organization of a long game with children — "Journey link "red star" in Wonderland" (1924) and "Dead fire (adventures of young pioneers in Egypt)" (1926). Innokenty Nikolaevich takes part in the First all-Union meeting of pioneers in Moscow (August 1929).

In 1931, I. N. Zhukov is retiring. At the request of the Proletarian RK CPSU(b), supported by N. K. Krupskaya, he was assigned a personal pension. In the period 1936-1937 it comes into correspondence with Romain Rolland. In August 1940. meets with the Hero of the Soviet Union K. S. Badigin on the further development of the pioneer movement in the country. In the same year at a meeting in the Central Committee of the Komsomol I. Zhukov proposes to return to the method of scouting.

In 1923, in the magazine "the Drum" (Moscow) printed the story of Zhukov "the Journey level of the pioneers in the Wonderland". In 1924-27 Zhukov will publish a series of articles about the practice of the pioneer movement, in 1928 Zhukov publishes the book "Dead fire" (the adventures of the pioneers in Egypt). In 1929 he participated in the 1st meeting of the pioneers, in 1930 Zhukov was working on the preparation of the meeting of the enlightenment of Bauman district of the capital, received the 1st prize for drumming. Since 1931 at the invitation of N. K. Krupskaya Zhukov becomes an employee of the State. academic Council (HUS) on work on school programs. The author of the manual "Beginner sculptor", the project of improvement of the pioneer organization "Regulations on the children's Communist organization. V. I. Lenin", "the Chronicles of a kind Bugs" (1946). Zhukov's creative achievements were highly appreciated by his contemporaries (I. E. Repin, O. Rodin, M. Gorky, R. Rollan, A.V. Lunacharsky, L. N. Tolstoy, S. T. Konenkov, N. K. Krupskaya). The works are stored in the Russian Museum (St. Petersburg), Penza art gallery, Ivanov art museums, Irkutsk regional art Museum. V. P. Sukachev, COHM and CHARM. The Museum of the history of national education of the Chita region is dedicated to the stand. (Barkin, G. A., E. G. Kunakova)

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